Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases: A Comparative Analysis between the Medical and Non-Medical Populations in Brazil

Abstract Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, including among physicians. Professional peculiarities increase cardiovascular risk in this population, making it relevant to analyze mortality in the medical population (MPop) and non-medical population (NMPop). Objectives: To compare the CVD mortality coefficient (MC) in between MPop and NMPop in Brazil by analyzing the epidemiological profile and the main causes of deaths from CVD. Methods: Time-series study with data obtained from the Mortality Information System of the Federal Council of Medicine and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, from 2014 to 2018. The variables age group, sex, race, occupation, and CVD that caused the death were assessed in MPop and NMPop. MC, relative risk and odds ratio between the populations were calculated. Tests for difference in proportions, with approximation to the normal distribution, and chi-squared tests were performed, assuming p<0.01 as statistically significant. Results: Both MPop and NMPop had a predominance of men (86.7% and 52.3%), senior citizens (85.9% and 79.7%) and white individuals (86.4% and 52.2%). The MCs of the MPop and NMPop was 92.2 and 255.1 deaths/100,000 individuals, respectively. The main cause of death was acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (32.5% and 24.6% in MPop and NMPop, respectively) followed by cerebrovascular accident (CVA) (5.1% and 10.5% in MPop and NMPop, respectively). Conclusion: In Brazil, mortality from CVD was more prevalent in white elderly males, and mainly caused by AMI and CVA. Being a doctor, man and over 60 years old represents a greater chance of death from CVD in comparison with non-physicians.

Asociación de factores de riesgo cardiovascular modificables y la capacidad cardio-vascular en población universitaria de 18 a 29 años / Association of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors and functional capacity in university populations aged 18 to 29

Contexto. Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la principal causa de muerte a nivel mundial; el tabaquismo, sedentarismo y hábitos alimenticios son los principales factores de riesgo cardiovascular modificables. Objetivo. Identificar el nivel de riesgo cardiovascular que presentan los estudiantes universitarios y, establecer la asociación de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular modificables con la capacidad cardio-vascular determinada mediante la "caminata de seis minutos".Material y Métodos. Estudio observacional, transversal, de campo, no experimental y correlacional. La población fue de 421 sujetos y la muestra de 229 estudiantes universitarios (adultos jóvenes) de ambos géneros (30,6% masculino, 69,4% femenino), de 18 a 29 años. Los sujetos analizados se encuentran a 2.850m de altitud. El muestreo fue probabilístico estratificado proporcional. Las técnicas aplicadas fue-ron: la encuesta, diseñada a partir del cuestionario base: "Instrumento STEPS de la OMS", Cuestionario de Identificación de los Trastornos Debidos al Consumo de Alcohol y Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física; y la "caminata de seis minutos". Los instrumentos usados tienen validación internacional. Resultados. El 93% de los sujetos presentan uno o más factores de riesgo cardiovascular modificables; los predominantes fueron: consumo de alcohol (84,7%) y sedentarismo (81,7%). El 62% presentan riesgo cardiovascular moderado. El nivel de riesgo cardiovascular tiene una correlación débil con el consumo de oxígeno (VO2) (r=0.20); existe una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el nivel de actividad física y VO2 (p=0,02). Discusión. Los principales factores de riesgo cardiovascular modificables identificados fueron el consumo de alcohol y el sedentarismo; no existió asociación estadísticamente significativa entre los factores de riesgo cardiovascular modificables con la capacidad cardiovascular; pero la capacidad cardiovascular tiene relación estadísticamente significativa con el nivel de actividad física.

Context. Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of death worldwide; smoking, sedentary lifestyle and eating habits are the main modicable cardiovascular risk factors.Objective. To identify the modifiable cardiovascular risk factors presented by university students and, establish the association between cardiovascular modificable risk factors and the cardiovascular capa-city determined by the "six minute walk". Material and Methods. Observational, cross-sectional, field, non-experimental and correlational study. The population was 421 subjects and the sample was 229 university students (young adults) of both genders (30.6% male, 69.4% female), from 18 to 29 years old. The subjects analyzed are located at an altitude of 2,850m. Sampling was proportional stratified probabilistic. The techniques applied were: the survey, designed based on the basic questionnaire: "WHO STEPS Instrument", Questionnaire for the Identification of Disorders Due to Alcohol Consumption and International Questionnaire on Physical Activity; and the "six minute walk". The instruments used have international validation.Results. 93% of the subjects present one or more modifiable cardiovascular risk factors; the predomi-nant ones were: alcohol consumption (84.7%) and sedentary lifestyle (81.7%). 62% present moderate cardiovascular risk. The level of cardiovascular risk has a weak correlation with oxygen consumption (VO2) (r=0.20); there is a statistically significant relationship between the level of physical activity and VO2 (p=0.02).Discussion. The main modifiable cardiovascular risk factors identified were alcohol consumption and a sedentary lifestyle; there was no statistically significant association between modifiable cardiovascular risk factors with cardiovascular capacity; but cardiovascular capacity has a statistically significant rela-tionship with the level of physical activity

Fisiopatología de la enfermedad COVID-19 / Pathophysiology of COVID-19 / Fisiopatologia da doença COVID-19

La enfermedad por coronavirus es una infección respiratoria causada por el virus SARS-CoV 2, el cual genera una cascada de eventos sistémicos, afectando diferentes órganos y tejidos. El entendimiento de la fisiopatología del COVID-19 es indispensable no solo al momento de brindar tratamiento a los pacientes, sino que también para comprender las causas de las complicaciones que presentan un número importante de pacientes recuperados. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una revisión actualizada de los efectos de la infección en diferentes órganos y sistemas principales que sea de utilidad como material de referencia para profesionales y estudiantes de la salud. Para ello se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en los portales PubMED, Scielo, Google Scholar, Cochrane y Springer Link, así como en las bases de repositorios científicos pre-publicación bioRxiv ("bioarchives") y medRxiv ("med-archives") y sobre un total de cerca de 200 mil artículos, se seleccionaron 100 artículos para esta revisión en base a su relevancia o sugerencias de parte de profesionales especializados.

Coronavirus disease is a respiratory infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes a cascade of systemic events, affecting various organs and tissues. Understanding the pathophysiology of COVID-19 is essential to treat patients and understand the causes of the complications in a significant number of recovered patients. This article presents a review of the effects of infection on various organs and systems that will be useful as reference material for healthcare professionals and medical students. To this end, a literature search was conducted in PubMED, Scielo, Google Scholar, Cochrane, and Springer Link portals, as well as in the pre-publication scientific repositories bioRxiv ("bioarchives") and medRxiv ("med-archives") databases. From about 200,000 papers, 100 articles were selected for this review based on their relevance or suggestions from experts in the field.

A doença coronavírus é uma infecção respiratória causada pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2, que gera uma cascata de eventos sistêmicos, afetando diferentes órgãos e tecidos. Compreender a fisiopatologia da COVID-19 é essencial não apenas no tratamento de pacientes, mas também para compreender as causas das complicações que um número significativo de pacientes recuperados apresenta. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma revisão atualizada dos efeitos da infecção em diferentes órgãos e principais sistemas que seja útil como material de referência para profissionais de saúde e estudantes. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica nos portais PubMED, Scielo, Google Scholar, Cochrane e Springer Link, bem como nos repositórios científicos de pré-publicação bioRxiv ("bioarquivos") e medRxiv ("arquivos med"). Num total de cerca de 200 mil artigos, 100 artigos foram selecionados para esta revisão por sua relevância ou sugestões de profissionais especializados.

Preeclampsia y enfermedad cardiovascular: un enfoque integral para detectar las fases subclínicas de complicaciones obstétricas y cardiovasculares / Preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease: an integrated approach to detect the subclinical stages of obstetrical and cardiovascular complications

Desde 1995 hasta la fecha la asociación entre patologías derivadas los embarazos hipertensivos y las enfermedades cardiovasculares ha generado un gran volumen de potentes evidencias epidemiológicas y clínicas. Los propósitos de esta revisión son varios. Mostrar la consistencia y magnitud de la evidencia científica. Integrar los riesgos/enfermedades cardiovasculares y los problemas obstétricos a través de la disfunción endotelial. Preconizar el seguimiento postparto de la hipertensa embarazada, como una ventana de oportunidad para beneficiar la salud de las mujeres y sus hijos. Incluir la historia obstétrica como factor de riesgo de enfermedad coronaria. Proponer cuestionarios adaptables a las prácticas locales para facilitar la pronta incorporación de los índices de riesgo obstétrico y cardiovascular en dos etapas de la vida de una mujer. Ha llegado el momento para que los equipos obstétricos, cardiológicos y las pacientes jueguen un rol en la prevención de los riesgos y enfermedades cardiovasculares.

From 1995 onwards the association between hypertensive pregnancies and cardiovascular disease has generated a great volume of epidemiologic and clinical evidence. The purposes of this review are several. To demonstrate the consistence and weight of the scientific evidence. To integrate cardiovascular risks/diseases and obstetric complications through the link of endothelial dysfunction. To advocate postpartum follow-up after a hypertensive pregnancy as a window of opportunity to benefit the health of mothers and offsprings. To include the obstetrical history as a risk factor for coronary disease. To propose questionnaires adaptable to local practices to incorporate cardiovascular and obstetrical indexes in two stages of a woman's lifetime. The time has come for obstetrical teams, cardiologists and patients to play a preventive role regarding cardiovascular risks and diseases.

Impairment of myocardial functions and arterial stiffness in patients with lichen planus

Abstract Background: Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease. Recent studies have suggested that it is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular comorbidities. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess and compare arterial stiffness and cardiovascular hemodynamics in patients with lichen planus and a healthy control group. Methods: Fifty-five patients with lichen planus and 42 healthy controls were enrolled. All patients underwent echocardiographic examination, and arterial stiffness was measured using applanation tonometry. Results: No statistically significant difference was determined between the patient and control groups in terms of arterial stiffness, but stiffness was markedly higher in patients with erosive lichen planus compared to the control group and other patients (p = 0.006, and p = 0.023, respectively). Moderate positive correlation was determined between duration of disease and arterial stiffness. Impairment of systolic and diastolic functions was also determined in patients with lichen planus compared to the control group (p < 0.001, and p = 0.005, respectively). Study limitations: Relatively low number of patients. Conclusion: The positive correlation observed between duration of disease and arterial stiffness in patients with lichen planus suggests that these patients should be followed-up in terms of cardiovascular risk in the presence of resistant and long-term disease, particularly in case of erosive lichen planus.

Association between soluble biomarkers - microbial translocation, inflammation and cardiovascular risk in HIV- infected individuals: a systematic review

Microbial translocation is associated with the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected individuals. There is scarce information regarding the possible associations between the biomarkers of microbial translocation, inflammation and cardiovascular risk that can be evaluated in clinical laboratories using plasma or serum samples. This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA protocol in order to verify the most used soluble biomarkers of microbial translocation, inflammation and cardiovascular risk, as well as possible associations between them, in HIV-infected individuals. A search was performed using the Medline, Scopus and Web of Science databases to identify existing studies regarding the relationship between microbial translocation biomarkers, inflammation and cardiovascular risk in HIV-infected patients. Eleven articles that presented soluble biomarkers of microbial translocation (LPS, rDNA, sCD14, LBP and EndoCAb) were selected. The most frequently evaluated soluble biomarker was sCD14, followed by LPS; the latter were associated with some lipid profile parameters. This systematic review considered soluble blood biomarkers that can be utilized in laboratory diagnosis. The aim was to identify the interconnection between microbial translocation, inflammation and cardiovascular risk. Despite the fact that a large number of inflammation and cardiovascular risk biomarkers have been previously reported, it was noted that important markers involved in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases need to be included in future research.

Recomendaciones para la atención de pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca y COVID-19 / Recommendations for the care of patients with heart failure and COVID-19

Resumen La pandemia por COVID-19 decretada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) desde el 12 de marzo de 2020 está produciendo estragos a nivel mundial y es un verdadero reto económico, social y sanitario. Aunque las manifestaciones clínicas del COVID-19 son síntomas respiratorios, algunos pacientes también tienen síntomas cardiológicos. Dentro de los pacientes con afecciones cardiológicas2 suponen un grupo de mayor riesgo y que de hecho son un grupo especialmente vulnerable, por su mayor riesgo de contagio y mayor gravedad en caso de adquirir la enfermedad1 aquellos con insuficiencia cardiaca (IC), incluyendo al trasplante cardiaco (TC) y las asistencias ventriculares, así como los pacientes con hipertensión arterial pulmonar (HAP). La IC es la principal patología cardiovascular crónica y los pacientes en este grupo son los más vulnerables para el desarrollo de cuadros clínicos más graves tras sufrir la infección, y en mayor medida los casos con IC avanzada3. De hecho, la IC es unas de las complicaciones más frecuentes en los pacientes con COVID-194. De igual forma, los pacientes trasplantados que requieren de los inmunosupresores para evitar el rechazo del injerto, constituyen una población especialmente susceptible a la infección y a desarrollar procesos más graves. Esta situación ha hecho que la Asociación Nacional de Cardiólogos de México (ANCAM) y la Sociedad Mexicana de Cardiología (SMC) junto con sus respectivos capítulos, hayan elaborado las siguientes recomendaciones para el personal médico, que participa en la atención de este grupo especial de pacientes en los diferentes escenarios clínicos, que padezcan o no, COVID-19.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic decreed by the World Health Organization (WHO) since March 12, 2020 is wreaking havoc globally and it is a true economic, social and health challenge. Although the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 are respiratory symptoms, some patients also have cardiological symptoms. Among patients with cardiological conditions2 they represent a group of higher risk and, in fact, they are a particularly vulnerable group, due to their higher risk of contagion and greater severity in case of acquiring the disease1 those with heart failure (HF), including heart transplant (CT) and ventricular assists, as well as patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). HF is the main chronic cardiovascular disease and patients in this group are the most vulnerable for the development of more serious clinical symptoms after suffering the infection, and to a greater extent cases with advanced HF3. In fact, HF is one of the most frequent complications in patients with COVID-194. Likewise, transplant patients who require immunosuppressants to avoid graft rejection, constitute a population especially susceptible to infection and to develop more serious processes. This situation has made the National Association of Cardiologists of Mexico (ANCAM) and the Mexican Society of Cardiology (SMC) together with their respective chapters, have prepared the following recommendations for medical personnel, who participate in the care of this special group of patients in the different clinical settings, who suffer or not, of COVID-19.

Nutrición cardiometabólica en el mundo real de la práctica clínica / Cardiometabolic nutrition in the real world of clinical practice

La importancia de la nutrición en modificar el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica (ECVA) se ha enfatizado repetidas veces. Históricamente, el papel de los componentes dietarios ha sido el foco predominante; sin embargo, los alimentos, típicamente, se consumen en combinación más que aisladamente. En los últimos años, se ha puesto una mayor atención a los patrones dietarios y su relación con eventos clínicos del tipo de la ECVA, diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y obesidad; paradójicamente, existe una brecha en la educación nutricional en las escuelas de medicina de todo el mundo. Por lo general, una dieta no saludable está asociada con alteraciones cardiometabólicas, una condición clínica que, gradualmente, puede empeorar y conducir a diversos factores comunes de riesgo de enfermedades crónicas, a mayor morbilidad y mortalidad y menoscabo en la calidad de vida. El público en general debe satisfacer la cantidad de calorías requeridas con una variedad de alimentos densos en nutrientes que abarquen todos los grupos de alimentos para mantener la salud a largo plazo. El estilo de patrones saludables de comer varía individualmente y frecuentemente refleja las preferencias culturales y personales. Una alimentación no saludable puede causar una elevación de la producción posprandial de insulina e hipersecreción crónica de insulina e hiperinsulinemia, lo cual promueve la acumulación de grasa, previene la lipólisis y causa incremento en el riesgo de desarrollar ECVA, obesidad y diabetes tipo(AU)

The importance of nutrition in modifying the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) has been repeatedly emphasized. Historically, the role of dietary components has been the predominant focus; however, foods are typically consumed in combinations rather than individually. Over the last few years, increasing attention has been given to dietary patterns and their relationship to clinical events such as ACVD, type 2 diabetes and obesity; paradoxically, there is a gap in nutrition education in medical school around the globe. An unhealthy diet is usually associated with cardiometabolic alterations, a clinical situation that can progressively worse, potentially leading to various common risk factors, increased morbidity and mortality, and reduced quality of life. People should aim to fulfill their recommended calorie intake with a variety of nutrient-dense foods that span all food groups to boost long-term health. Healthy eating styles may vary from individual to individual and frequently reflect cultural and personal preferences. An unhealthy diet may cause a high postprandial insulin production and chronic insulin hypersecretion and hyperinsulinemia, which promote fat storage, prevent lipolysis and cause increased the risk for developing ACVD, obesity and type 2 diabetes

Periodontal disease and its impact on general health in Latin America. Section V: Treatment of periodontitis

Abstract: Gingivitis and periodontitis are associated with a negative impact on Oral Health Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL), exerting a significant influence on aspects related to the patients' function and esthetics. Periodontitis has been associated with several systemic conditions, including adverse pregnancy outcomes, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), respiratory disorders, fatal pneumonia in hemodialysis patients, chronic renal disease and metabolic syndrome. The aim of this paper was to review the results of different periodontal treatments and their impacts on patients' OHRQoL and systemic health. Non-surgical and surgical periodontal treatments are predictable procedures in terms of controlling infection, reducing probing pocket depth and gaining clinical attachment. In addition, the treatment of periodontitis may significantly improve OHRQoL and promote a reduction in the levels of systemic markers of inflammation, including some cytokines associated with cardiovascular diseases. Studies have also suggested that periodontal treatment may improve glycemic control in patients with DM. Strategies and actions for preventing the onset and recurrence of periodontitis, and the challenges facing the field of periodontology in the XXI century are presented in this review.

Extractos de los documentos de posicionamientos y recomendaciones mexicanas en enfermedades cardiovasculares y COVID-19 / Excerpts from the documents of Mexican positions and recommendations in cardiovascular diseases and COVID-19

Resumen Se presentan las recomendaciones en las cuales la Sociedad Mexicana de Cardiología (SMC) en conjunto con la Asociación Nacional de Cardiólogos de México (ANCAM), así como diferentes asociaciones médicas mexicanas vinculadas con la cardiología, después de una revisión y análisis exhaustivo y consensuado sobre los tópicos relacionados con las enfermedades cardiovasculares en la pandemia de COVID-19, se analizan posturas científicas y se dan recomendaciones responsables sobre medidas generales a los pacientes, con cuidados personales, alimentación saludable, actividad física regular, acciones en caso de paro cardiorrespiratorio, la protección del paciente y del personal de salud así como las indicaciones precisas en el uso de la imagen cardiovascular no invasiva, la prescripción de medicamentos, cuidados en tópicos específicos como en la hipertensión arterial sistémica, insuficiencia cardiaca, arritmias y síndromes coronarios agudos, además de hacer énfasis en los procedimientos de electrofisiología, intervencionismo, cirugía cardiaca y en la rehabilitación cardiaca. El interés principal es brindar a la comunidad médica una orientación general sobre el quehacer en la práctica cotidiana y pacientes con enfermedades cardiovasculares en el escenario esta crisis epidemiológica sin precedentes de COVID-19.

Abstract The recommendations in which the Mexican Society of Cardiology (SMC) in conjunction with the National Association of Cardiologists of Mexico (ANCAM) as well as different Mexican medical associations linked to cardiology are presented, after a comprehensive and consensual review and analysis of the topics related to cardiovascular diseases in the COVID-19 pandemic. Scientific positions are analyzed and responsible recommendations on general measures are given to patients, with personal care, healthy eating, regular physical activity, actions in case of cardio-respiratory arrest, protection of the patient and health personnel as well as precise indications in the use of non-invasive cardiovascular imaging, prescription of medications, care in specific topics such as systemic arterial hypertension, heart failure, arrhythmias and acute coronary syndromes, in addition to emphasizing electrophysiology, interventionism, cardiac surgery and in cardiac rehabilitation. The main interest is to provide the medical community with a general orientation on what to do in daily practice and patients with cardiovascular diseases in the setting of this unprecedented epidemiological crisis of COVID-19.

Evaluation of nutritional risk factors in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation-eligible patients / Avaliação dos fatores de riscos nutricionais em pacientes pré-transplante de célula-tronco hematopoiética

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the nutritional risk factors in patients eligible for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Methods A cross-sectional, descriptive study conducted with patients recruited from an hematology outpatient clinic. Study variables included demographic and clinical data, patient-generated global subjective assessment findings, anthropometric indicators, food intake and oxidative stress levels. The level of significance was set at 5% (p<0.05). Results The sample comprised 72 patients, mean age of 48.93 years (14.5%). Multiple myeloma was the most prevalent condition (51.4%) in this sample. Most patients (55.6%) were overweight according to body mass index and at risk of cardiovascular disease according to waist circumference, conicity index and percentage of body fat. Sarcopenia was associated with risk of cardiovascular disease, hip-to-waist ratio (p=0.021), muscle strength depletion (p<0.001), food intake (p=0.023), reduced functional capacity (p=0.048), self-reported well-nourished status; p=0.044) and inadequate vitamin B6 (p=0.022) and manganese (p=0.026) intake. Elevated oxidative stress, detected in 33.3% of patients in this sample, was not associated with sarcopenia. Conclusion Most patients in this sample were overweight and sarcopenic. Lean mass depletion was associated with risk of cardiovascular disease, reduced muscle strength, food intake changes, reduced functional capacity, self-reported well-nourished status and inadequate intake of vitamin B6 and manganese, but not with oxidative stress.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar os fatores de riscos nutricionais em pacientes pré-transplante de célula-tronco hematopoiética. Métodos Estudo transversal, descritivo, realizado com pacientes de um ambulatório de hematologia. As variáveis estudadas foram demográficas, dados clínicos, avaliação subjetiva global produzida pelo próprio paciente, indicadores antropométricos, ingestão alimentar e estresse oxidativo. Os dados foram considerados estatisticamente significativos quando p<0,05. Resultados A amostra do estudo foi constituída por 72 pacientes, com média de idade de 48,93 (14,5%) anos e com mieloma múltiplo (51,4%) como a patologia mais prevalente. Conforme índice de massa corporal, 55,6% dos pacientes encontravam-se com excesso de peso. De acordo com a circunferência da cintura, índice de conicidade e percentual de gordura corporal, houve prevalência de risco para doença cardiovascular. A sarcopenia foi associada ao risco de doença cardiovascular pela relação cintura/quadril (p=0,021), depleção da força muscular (p<0,001), além da ingestão alimentar (p=0,023), da capacidade funcional reduzida (p=0,048) e do diagnóstico de "bem nutrido" (p=0,044), conforme a avaliação subjetiva global, e com consumo inadequado de vitamina B6 (p=0,022) e de manganês (p=0,026). Dentre os avaliados, 33,3% apresentaram estresse oxidativo elevado sem associação com sarcopenia. Conclusão Pacientes do pré-transplante se apresentam, em sua maioria, com excesso de peso, mas com sarcopenia, estando essa ausência de massa magra associada a risco de doença cardiovascular, depleção da força muscular, alteração da ingestão alimentar, redução da capacidade funcional, classificação de "bem nutrido", segundo a avaliação subjetiva global e consumo inadequado de vitamina B6 e manganês, não estando associada a estresse oxidativo.

Diabetes and covid-19: more than the sum of two morbidities

ABSTRACT The coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic has caused a public health emergency worldwide. Risk, severity and mortality of the disease have been associated with non-communicable chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. Accumulated evidence has caused great concern in countries with high prevalence of this morbidity, such as Brazil. This text shows the picture of diabetes in Brazil, followed by epidemiological data and explanatory hypothesis for the association between diabetes and covid-19. We emphasized how the burden of these two morbidities in a middle-income country has aggravated this pandemic scenario. The comprehension of this association and biological plausibility may help face this pandemic and future challenges.

Association of CYP2C19*2 polymorphism with clopidogrel resistance among patients with high cardiovascular risk in Northeastern Mexico / Asociación del polimorfismo CYP2C19*2 con resistencia a clopidogrel en pacientes con alto riesgo cardiovascular en el noreste de México

abstract Objective: Oral antiplatelet drugs are a key to modern pharmacotherapy in cardiovascular atherothrombotic diseases. Clopidogrel (CLO) constitutes the main preventive treatment of atherothrombosis. However, a considerable inter-individual variation in CLO response has been documented, resulting in suboptimal therapy and an increased risk of recurrent adverse effects in some patients. The enzyme CYP2C19 has been reported to be the CYP isoform that activates CLO to its active metabolite. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CYP2C19 gene have been identified as strong predictors of CLO-impaired pharmacological response. At least 16 variants have been associated with changes in CYP2C19 activity. Materials and Methods: The following research was composed of a total of 102 subjects with high cardiovascular risk in the northeast of Mexico, with a maintenance dose of 75 mg of CLO per day. The platelet reactivity was measured with VerifyNow P2Y12 assay, while the presence of CYP2C19*2 was identified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Patients were categorized by CYP2C19 metabolizer status based on *2 genotypes using the common consensus star allele nomenclature as normal metabolizer (G/G), intermediate metabolizer (G/A), and poor metabolizer (A/A), respectively. The phenotype frequency for CYP2C19*2 was 74.5% (G/G), 21.6% (G/A), and 3.9% (A/A). The subjects with the A allele presented ≥235 P2Y12 reaction unit levels, classifying them how poor metabolizer. The prevalence of reduced CLO effectiveness was associated with the presence of CYP2C19*2 polymorphism among Mexican patients. Conclusion: The presence of the CYP2C19*2 allele is related to resistance to the antiplatelet effect of CLO (p = 0.003).

Resumen Objetivo: Los antiplaquetarios orales son clave en la farmacoterapia moderna de las enfermedades aterotrombóticas cardiovasculares. Clopidogrel (CLO) constituye el principal tratamiento preventivo de aterotrombosis (AT). Sin embargo, se ha documentado una considerable variación interindividual en la respuesta a CLO, lo que da como resultado una terapia subóptima y mayor riesgo de efectos adversos en algunos pacientes. La enzima CYP2C19 es la isoforma CYP que activa CLO a su metabolito activo. Se han identificado varios polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido en el gen CYP2C19 como fuertes predictores de respuesta farmacológica alterada a CLO. Al menos 16 variantes se han asociado con cambios en la actividad de CYP2C19. Método: Se reclutaron un total de 102 sujetos con alto riesgo cardiovascular del noreste de México, con dosis de mantenimiento de 75 mg de CLO/día. La reactividad plaquetaria se midió con el ensayo Verify Now P2Y12, la presencia de CYP2C19*2 se identificó mediante polymerase chain reaction en tiempo real. Resultado: Los pacientes fueron clasificados por el estado metabolizador CYP2C19*2 utilizando nomenclatura consenso, como metabolizador normal (G/G), metabolizador intermedio (G/A) y metabolizador pobre (A/A), respectivamente. La frecuencia del fenotipo para CYP2C19*2 fue 74.5% (G/G), 21.6% (G/A) y 3.9% (A/A). Los sujetos con alelo A presentaron ≥235 niveles P2Y12 reaction unit, clasificándolos como metabolizadores deficientes. La prevalencia de eficacia reducida a CLO se asoció con la presencia del polimorfismo CYP2C19*2 en pacientes mexicanos. Conclusiones: La presencia del alelo CYP2C19*2 se relaciona con resistencia al efecto antiagregante plaquetario del CLO (p = 0.003).

Microalbuminuria y proteína C reactiva como índices de riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes con síndrome metabólico / Microalbuminuria and C reactive protein as cardiovascular risk indices in patients with metabolic syndrome

Se realizó una investigación cuantitativa de tipo correlacional con el objeto de evaluar la asociación entre microalbuminuria (MA), proteína C reactiva ultrasensible (PCR-us) y riesgo cardiovascular (RCV) de acuerdo a la escala de Framingham en pacientes con síndrome metabólico (SM) que asistieron a la consulta del Servicio de Medicina Interna del Hospital Universitario Dr. Luis Gómez López durante el período junio 2017-junio 2018. La muestra la conformaron 30 pacientes con una edad promedio de 49,53 ± 13,35 años y predominio del sexo femenino. El 53,3% de los pacientes no tenía tratamiento. El 73,3% de los pacientes presentaron RCV muy alto y alto de acuerdo a la escala de Framingham. La mayor parte de los pacientes con RCV muy alto presentaron valores elevados de PCR-us. Se observó una correlación positiva entre los valores de PCR-us y el RCV (R=0,533, p < 0.05). Es importante la identificación temprana del SM como factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares(AU)

A correlation-type quantitative investigation was carried out with the aim to evaluate the association between microalbuminuria (MA), high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and cardiovascular risk (CVR) determined by the Framingham scale in patients with Metabolic Syndrome (MS) who attended the Internal Medicine Service of the Hospital Universitario Dr. Luis Gómez López during the period June 2017-June 2018. Thirty patients were included with an average age of 49.53 ± 13.35 years and female sex predominance. According to the Framingham scale, 73.3% of patients had very high and high CVR. Most patients with very high CVR had elevated levels of hs-CRP. There was a positive and significant correlation between hs-CRP levels and CVR (R=0.533, p <0.05). An early diagnosis of MS is important as a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease(AU)

Cardiovascular Risk and Metabolic Syndrome in Individuals with Mental Disorders

Patients with mental disorders are more susceptible to cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders compared to the general population. Objective: To evaluate cardiovascular risk and metabolic syndrome in individuals with mental disorders. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study, conducted at the Psychosocial Care Centers. Socioeconomic, clinical, biochemical and anthropometric data were collected using a standard form. Cardiovascular risk was assessed by the Framingham risk score. Metabolic syndrome (MS) was determined by the World Health- Organization (WHO), the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, and associations were evaluated by the chi-square test and Fisher's exact test, as well as Odds Ratio. The significance level adopted for all statistical tests was 5%. Results: The chance of individuals diagnosed with MS be at intermediate-to-high cardiovascular risk was greater (12.22, 8.01 and 6.23 times higher according to WHO, NCEP and IDF criteria, respectively) than those without MS. Conclusion: A high percentage of patients with mental disorders were at intermediate / high cardiovascular risk, and this was significantly associated with MS

Setenta y cinco años de rehabilitación cardiovascular en México / Seventy-five years of cardiovascular rehabilitation in Mexico

Resumen Los pacientes que sufren una enfermedad cardiovascular requieren de atención médica integral que involucre las terapias y procedimientos necesarios para reintegrarlos de forma óptima a su vida personal, familiar, laboral y social. Las intervenciones dirigidas a alcanzar dichas metas se incluyen en los programas de rehabilitación cardiaca. Estos programas son diseáados para limitar los efectos dañinos tanto fisiológicos como psicológicos de las cardiopatías, reducir el riesgo de muerte súbita o reinfarto, controlar la sintomatología cardiovascular, estabilizar o revertir el proceso de aterosclerosis y mejorar el estado psicosocial y vocacional de los pacientes. Dichos programas existen en México desde la década de 1940 y han evolucionado a lo largo de los años, adaptándose a las condiciones de enfermedad presentes en nuestro país, desde su inicio con terapias para tratar a pacientes cardiopatía reumática hasta la aplicación del ejercicio físico en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca, cardiopatías congénitas complejas o hipertensión arterial pulmonar. Estas actividades son de índole transdisciplinaria e implica la integración de cardiólogos, fisioterapeutas, psicólogos y nutriólogos, entre otros. Actualmente, estos programas se han extendido a lo largo de la República Mexicana gracias a cardiólogos rehabilitadores egresados de las principales instituciones de salud del país, como son los Institutos de Salud, el IMSS (Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social) y el ISSSTE (Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales para los Trabajadores del Estado). En este documento se expondrán los orígenes de la rehabilitación, desde la época prehispánica hasta la actual, destacando las contribuciones en docencia e investigación de los médicos que han ejercido en esta área en las instituciones previamente mencionadas.

Abstract Patients suffering from cardiovascular disease require comprehensive medical attention that involves therapies and procedures necessary to reintegrate them optimally to their personal, family, work and social life. Interventions aimed at achieving these goals are included in cardiac rehabilitation programs. These programs are designed to limit the harmful physiological and psychological effects of heart disease, reduce the risk of sudden death or reinfarction, control cardiovascular symptoms, stabilize or reverse the atherosclerosis process and improve the psychosocial and vocational status of patients. These programs have existed in Mexico since the 1940's and have evolved over the years, adapting to the disease conditions present in our country, starting with therapies to treat patients with rheumatic heart disease until the application of physical exercise in patients with heart failure, complex congenital heart disease or pulmonary arterial hypertension. These activities are of a transdisciplinary nature and involve the integration of cardiologists, physiotherapists, psychologists, and nutritionists among others. Currently, these programs have spread throughout the Mexican Republic thanks to rehabilitation cardiologists graduating from the main health institutions in the country such as Health Institutes, Mexican Social Security Institute and Institute of Security and Social Services of State Workers. In this document, the origins of rehabilitation from the pre-Hispanic era to the present will be discussed, highlighting the contributions in teaching and research of the physicians who have practiced in this area in the aforementioned institutions.

Cardiovascular Risk in Psoriasis Patients: Clinical, Functional and Morphological Parameters / Risco Cardiovascular em Pacientes Psoriásicos: Avaliação de Parâmetros Clínicos, Funcionais e Morfológicos

Abstract Background: Psoriasis correlates with metabolic disorders, early atheromatosis and increased cardiovascular risk. Objectives: To assess markers of cardiovascular disease in psoriatic patients. Methods: Cross-sectional, observational study involving 11 psoriatic participants and 33 controls. Anthropometric, biochemical, hemodynamic and imaging parameters were evaluated. Arterial stiffness was assessed by oscillometric measurement of the brachial artery. Intima-media thickness (IMT) and left ventricular diastolic function were assessed by Doppler echography and echocardiography. Between-group comparisons of numerical variables were performed by the Student's t-test or Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test for independent samples. Significance level was set at 5%. Results: Psoriatic patients showed increased pulse wave velocity (PWV) (9.1 ± 1.8 vs 8.0 ± 2 m/s, p = 0.033), IMT of the left common carotid artery (p = 0.018) and a higher percentage of patients above the 75th percentile according to the ELSA table when compared with controls (54.5 vs 18.2%, p = 0.045). Psoriatic patients also showed an increase in peripheral/central systolic blood pressure (137.1 ± 13.2 vs 122.3 ± 11.6 mmHg, p = 0.004)/(127 ± 13 vs 112.5 ± 10.4 mmHg, p = 0.005), peripheral/central diastolic blood pressure (89.9 ± 8.9 vs 82.2 ± 8, p = 0.022)/(91 ± 9.3 vs 82.2 ± 8.3, p = 0.014), total cholesterol (252 ± 43.5 vs 198 ± 39.8 mg/dL, p < 0.001), LDL cholesterol (167 ± 24 vs 118 ± 40.8 mg/dL, p < 0.001) and C-reactive protein (7.6 ± 35.4 vs 1 ± 1.2 mg/L p < 0.001) compared with controls. Conclusion: Psoriasis patients show increased PWV, IMT, peripheral and central blood pressures, and serum cholesterol and C-reactive protein levels, denoting a higher cardiovascular risk.

Resumo Fundamento: A psoríase correlaciona-se a distúrbios metabólicos, ateromatose precoce e aumento do risco cardiovascular. Objetivos: Avaliar marcadores de doença cardiovascular na população psoriásica. Métodos: Estudo observacional transversal, envolvendo 11 participantes psoriásicos e 33 controles. Foram avaliados parâmetros antropométricos, laboratoriais, hemodinâmicos e de imagem. A rigidez arterial foi avaliada por oscilometria da artéria braquial. A espessura médio-intimal (EMI) e a função diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo foram avaliadas por meio da ecografia e ecocardiografia Doppler. As comparações de variáveis numéricas entre grupos foram realizadas por teste t-Student e Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney para amostras independentes, adotando-se o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Os pacientes psoriásicos apresentaram aumento de VOP (9,1 ± 1,8 e 8 ± 2 m/s, p = 0,033), EMI da artéria carótida comum esquerda (p = 0,018) e maior proporção de percentil > 75 pela tabela ELSA (54,5 e 18,2%, p = 0,045) e) quando comparados aos controles. Pacientes psoriásicos também mostraram aumento nos seguintes parâmetros em relação ao grupo controle, respectivamente: pressão arterial sistólica periférica/central (137,1 ± 13,2 e 122,3 ± 11,6 mmHg, p = 0,004)/(127 ± 13 e 112,5 ± 10,4 mmHg, p = 0,005), pressão arterial diastólica periférica/central (89,9 ± 8,9 e 82,2 ± 8 mmHg, p = 0,022) / (91 ± 9,3 e 82,2 ± 8,3 mmHg, p = 0,014), colesterol total (252 ± 43,5 e 198 ± 39,8 mg/dL, p < 0,001), colesterol LDL (167 ± 24 e 118 ± 40,8 mg/dL, p < 0,001) e proteína C reativa (7,6 ± 35,4 e 1 ± 1,2 mg/L, p<0,001). Conclusão: Pacientes psoriásicos apresentam elevações de VOP e EMI, além de maiores pressões arteriais periféricas e centrais, níveis séricos de colesterol e de proteína C reativa, denotando maior risco cardiovascular.

Comunicación breve: aspirina en la prevención primaria de la enfermedad ateroesclerótica cardiovascular y su automedicación: Un problema por solucionar / Brief communication: aspirin in primary prevention of cardiovascular atherosclerotic disease and its self-medication A problem to solve

Millones de personas, sin indicación médica, toman aspirina para la prevención primaria de la enfermedad ateroesclerótica cardiovascular. La Sociedad Europea de Cardiología no la recomienda para prevención primaria de esta entidad y las Guías del ACC/ AHA sobre Prevención Primaria de la Enfermedad Ateroesclerótica Cardiovascular la recomiendan solo en personas con riesgo cardiovascular aumentado. El beneficio de la aspirina en pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular establecida sobrepasa el riesgo de sangrado. Ese beneficio se debe al efecto antiinflamatorio y anti-plaquetario, que reduce el riesgo de aterotrombosis, pero con riesgo de sangrado particularmente en individuos susceptibles de sangrar. El papel de esta medicación en individuos sin enfermedad cardiovascular establecida es controversial en especial si tienen riesgo de sangrado. En esta comunicación se discuten las En las Guías del ACC/AHA, el estudio ASCEND en diabéticos, el ASPREE en ancianos sanos y el ARRIVE en pacientes con moderado a alto riesgo y otros para que sirva de alarma a los médicos generales y especialistas, a fin de que indaguen sobre el uso de aspirina en sus pacientes, y al mismo tiempo discutan sobre el balance entre el daño y los beneficios, particularmente en los pacientes ancianos y en aquellos con riesgo de sangrado. Se sugiere realizar un estudio para obtener la evidencia del número de personas que ingieren aspirina automedicada, realizar su seguimiento, y evolución una vez conocidas ampliamente e implementadas las presentes recomendaciones(AU)

Millions of people, without medical indication, take aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular atherosclerotic disease. The European Society of Cardiology does not recommend it for primary prevention, and the ACC/AHA Guidelines on Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Atherosclerotic Disease recommend it only in people with increased cardiovascular risk. The benefit of aspirin in patients with established cardiovascular disease outweighs the risk of bleeding. This benefit is due to the anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet effect, which reduces the risk of atherothrombosis, but with the risk of bleeding, particularly in individuals susceptible to bleeding. However, the role of this medication as primary prevention in individuals without established cardiovascular disease is controversial especially if they are at risk of bleeding. Despite the recommendations of the ACC/AHA and the European guidelines aspirin continues to be auto medicated for a large number of subjects. In this communication we discuss the ACC / AHA Guidelines, the ASCEND study in diabetics, the ASPREE in healthy elderly and the ARRIVE in patients with moderate to high risk and others to serve as an alarm to general practitioners and specialists, in order for them to inquire about the use of aspirin in their patients, and at the same time discuss the balance between the harm and the benefits, particularly in elderly patients and those at risk of bleeding. It is suggested to conduct a study to obtain evidence of the number of people who take self-medicated aspirin, follow up, and evolution once these recommendations are widely known and implemented(AU)

Arterial stiffness in hyperthyroid patients is deteriorated due to thyroid hormones

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare arterial stiffness, which is an independent risk indicator for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), between patients with overt hyperthyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism, euthyroidism by antithyroid therapy and healthy volunteers with pulse wave analysis (PWA). Subjects and methods A total of 102 volunteers were included in the study (30 in the overt hyperthyroid group, 28 in the subclinical hyperthyroid group and 14 with euthyroidism by antithyroid therapy and 30 healthy). The arterial stiffness measurements of the participants in the study were performed with the Mobil-O-Graph PWA device (I.E.M. GmBH, Stolberg, Germany), which makes cuff based oscillometric measurement from the brachial artery. Results Systolic blood pressure, pulse rate, central systolic blood pressure, cardiac output, heart rate-corrected augmentation index (Aix@75) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) measurements were significantly higher in the hyperthyroid group than in the control group. The heart rate and PWV in the subclinical hyperthyroid group were significantly higher than the control group. In the euthyroid group, systolic blood pressure, central systolic blood pressure, cardiac output, cardiac index and PWV were found significantly higher than the control group. There was also a negative correlation between Aix@75 and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and a positive correlation between Aix@75 and free thyroid hormones. Conclusion In our study, we observed that the arterial stiffness was adversely affected by an overt or subclinical increase in thyroid hormones and this correlated with thyroid hormone levels. We recommend that PWV measurement, which is a simple method for detecting CVD risk, can be used in these patients.